Biologists redraw entire bird evolutionary tree
27 Jun 2008, 1223 Hrs

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London, June 27 (ANI): A new study by biologists has completely redrawn the bird evolutionary tree, with the largest study of bird genetics ever completed.

According to a report in New Scientist, this new study has turned up numerous surprising relationships that will force biologists to reevaluate much of what they thought they knew about avian evolution.

Until now, this evolutionary history has been something of a mystery, because most modern orders of birds arose in a sudden burst of innovation sometime between 65 and 100 million years ago.

This left few intermediate forms to help biologists discern the evolutionary relationships among orders.

"It's one of the last big mysteries of birds - trying to figure out how these orders, which look so cohesive in themselves, are grouped together," said Sushma Reddy, an evolutionary biologist at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, US.

The few genetic comparisons among orders have tended to focus on one or a few genes, and have yielded inconsistent results.

To resolve this problem, Reddy and her colleagues sequenced 19 regions of the genome of 169 species of birds - a total of 32,000 DNA "letters" per species. They then used the sequences to construct the most robust avian evolutionary tree ever made.

This new tree contains several notable surprises.

For example, falcons are more closely related to songbirds than to other hawks and eagles. The closest kin of the diving birds called grebes turn out to be flamingos. And tiny, flashy hummingbirds, according to the new tree, are just a specialised form of nighthawks, whose squat, bulky bodies make them an unlikely cousin.

In fact, the new tree ended up regrouping about a third of all the orders in earlier phylogenies of birds.

According to Reddy, "that shows you how inconsistent it has been."

"The new tree may have profound implications for our understanding of the major innovations in the evolutionary history of birds," said Joel Cracraft, curator of ornithology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, US.

For example, the new tree puts an order of flying birds, the tinamous, squarely in the midst of the flightless ostriches, emus and kiwis.

If true, this implies either that flightlessness evolved at least twice in this lineage, or else that the tinamous re-evolved flight from a flightless ancestor.

The new family tree adds another twist by suggesting that the closest relatives of perching birds, or passerines, are parrots.

This needs further corroboration but, if true, evolutionary biologists will at last have a firm starting point for understanding the evolution of the perching birds, which are by far the largest and most successful order of birds. (ANI)